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PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70829

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70830

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70831

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70832

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70833

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70834

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Cattle breeding exhibition and presentation on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70840

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Cattle breeding exhibition and presentation on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Cattle breeding exhibition and presentation on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70841

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Cattle breeding exhibition and presentation on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Cattle breeding exhibition and presentation on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 71376

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Cattle breeding exhibition and presentation on the occasion of a village festival in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70977

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70978

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70979

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70980

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
PAAREN 05.06.1982 Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70981

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Residents and guests as participants in the events on the occasion of a village festival with fairground rides in Paaren, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
WEIßKEIßEL 03.03.1982 Scene from the film and television production "Rublak - The Legend of the Surveyed Land" in the Haide district of Weisskeissel, Saxony in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic. The actor Christian Grashof hands the actor Hans-Uwe Bauer a violin. The actress Johanna Schall observes the events in the courtyard of a farmhouse
Photo ID: 73256

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Scene from the film and television production 'Rublak - The Legend of the Surveyed Land' in the Haide district of Weisskeissel, Saxony in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic. The actor Christian Grashof hands the actor Hans-Uwe Bauer a violin. The actress Johanna Schall observes the events in the courtyard of a farmhouse
BERLIN 29.05.1981 The cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64053

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
The cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 The cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64054

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
The cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 The cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64055

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
The cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 Event in the film hall of the cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64057

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Event in the film hall of the cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 Event in the film hall of the cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64058

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Event in the film hall of the cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 Event in the film hall of the cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64059

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Event in the film hall of the cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 Event in the film hall of the cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64060

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Event in the film hall of the cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
BERLIN 29.05.1981 Event in the film hall of the cinema "SOJUS" in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
Photo ID: 64061

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Event in the film hall of the cinema 'SOJUS' in the town district of Marzahn in Berlin, the former capital of the GDR, German democratic republic. On the 3
FALKENSEE 01.05.1981 Participants to the May Day demonstration on the streets of the city center on street Finkenkruger Strasse in Falkensee, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 70842

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Photo: Sebastian Langkorn
     
Participants to the May Day demonstration on the streets of the city center on street Finkenkruger Strasse in Falkensee, Brandenburg on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
MAGDEBURG 12.09.1980 Young pioneers stand with posters in the street edge and greet the participants of the manoeuvre of the "weapon brotherhood 8
Photo ID: 63630

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Photo: Manfred Uhlenhut
     
Young pioneers stand with posters in the street edge and greet the participants of the manoeuvre of the 'weapon brotherhood 8
MAGDEBURG 12.09.1980 Young pioneers stand with posters in the street edge and greet the participants of the manoeuvre of the "weapon brotherhood 8
Photo ID: 63631

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Photo: Manfred Uhlenhut
     
Young pioneers stand with posters in the street edge and greet the participants of the manoeuvre of the 'weapon brotherhood 8
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73826

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73827

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73828

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73829

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73830

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73831

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73832

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73833

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73834

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73835

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73836

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73837

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73838

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 12.07.1980 Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the "Moscow Summer Olympics" with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73839

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Farewell to the Olympians and competitive athletes of the official team for the 'Moscow Summer Olympics' with Paul Verner in the Congress Hall in East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
ROSTOCK 27.06.1980 Neptune's party on the beach in Rostock in the federal state Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in the area of the former GDR, German democratic republic
Photo ID: 63648

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Photo: Manfred Uhlenhut
     
Neptune's party on the beach in Rostock in the federal state Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in the area of the former GDR, German democratic republic
ROSTOCK 27.06.1980 Neptune's party on the beach in Rostock in the federal state Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in the area of the former GDR, German democratic republic
Photo ID: 63649

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Photo: Manfred Uhlenhut
     
Neptune's party on the beach in Rostock in the federal state Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in the area of the former GDR, German democratic republic
BERLIN 22.06.1980 Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73762

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 22.06.1980 Speaker at the Ernst Busch memorial event of the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of Berlin, East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73763

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Speaker at the Ernst Busch memorial event of the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of Berlin, East Berlin on the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 22.06.1980 Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73764

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 22.06.1980 Musical contribution to the Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73765

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Musical contribution to the Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 22.06.1980 Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73766

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the area of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
BERLIN 22.06.1980 Musical contribution to the Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
Photo ID: 73767

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Musical contribution to the Ernst Busch memorial event by the FDJ in the Congress Hall in the Mitte district of East Berlin in the territory of the former GDR, German Democratic Republic
MOSKAU 01.03.1980 Der Moskauer Kreml ist das historische und geografische Zentrum der russischen Hauptstadt Moskau. Die gegenwärtigen Mauern und Türme des gut erhaltenen Kremls wurden in den Jahren 1485 bis 1495 erbaut. Durch archäologische Grabungen wurde eine vorgeschichtliche Besiedlung des Burgberges von Moskau, des Borowitzki-Hügels, nachgewiesen. Über eine eventuelle Befestigungsanlage gibt es keine Nachweise, so dass die 1156 von Juri Dolgoruki, dem Großfürsten von Kiew, befohlene Befestigung als die erste angesehen wird. Es wurde ein acht Meter hoher Erdwall mit einer drei Meter hohen Palisade errichtet. Nach mehreren Belagerungen und Zerstörungen erbaute Iwan I. 1339 bis 1340 eine neue Palisade, die jedoch wiederum 1365 abbrannte. 1367 wurde daraufhin die erste steinerne Befestigung mit fünf Toren aus weißem Kalkstein errichtet. Die Tore waren als Tortürme ausgebildet. Drei Tore standen auf der Nordostseite (heute Roter Platz). Die Ringmauer folgte dem Verlauf der alten Palisadenbefestigung. Unter Iwan III. erstarkte das Großfürstentum Moskau. Iwan der III. nahm den Titel Zar (= Cäsar) an. Dem neuen Selbstverständnis als Herrscher des dritten Römischen Reiches genügte der weiße Kreml nicht mehr. In den Jahren 1485 bis 1530 wurde deshalb die Kreml-Festung in mehreren Bauetappen neu errichtet. Als die am weitesten in der Festungsbautechnik fortgeschrittenen Fachleute holte man sich zur Bauleitung italienische Architekten der Mailänder Schule nach Moskau. Als erster Turm entstand 1485 der Geheimgangsturm, 1487 der Beklemischewskaja-Eckturm. Um 1500 waren die Mauern und Türme der Nordostseite fertig gestellt. Man folgte dabei etwa dem Verlauf der alten Mauern des weißen Kremls. Die Mauerfluchten wurden jedoch jeweils zwischen den Türmen begradigt, um das Bestreichen der Mauern mit Schusswaffen zu gewährleisten. Die Türme wurden in Schussweite voneinander erbaut. 1508 bis 1516 wurde ein 30 Meter breiter und 12 Meter tiefer Festungsgraben ausgehoben. Aus dem kleinen Flüsschen Neglinnaja gespeist, wurde der Graben mit Wasser gefüllt. Die Brücken zu den Tortürmen waren als Zugbrücken ausgebildet und die Brückenenden mit Außentürmen versehen. Die heute das Bild des Kremls prägenden Turmspitzen wurden vorrangig im 17. Jh. errichtet, als die Kremlmauer ihren Zweck als Verteidigungsbau zugunsten des Repräsentationszwecks verloren hatte. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte erlitt der Kreml häufig erhebliche Zerstörungen. So 1571 durch die Krimtataren, 1610 durch die Polen und 1812 durch Napoleon I., der umfangreiche Sprengungen durchführen ließ. Es erfolgten aber immer wieder Instandsetzungen. Tiefgreifende Veränderungen wurden in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh. vorgenommen, als die Festungsgräben zugeschüttet wurden. Der Kreml erhielt damals seine heutige Gestalt. Heute verfügt der Kreml über 20 bis zu 70 Meter hohe Türme. Die Mauer ist bis zu 19 Meter hoch und bis zu 6 Meter dick. Die Gesamtlänge der Mauer beträgt 2235 Meter. Im Inneren des Kremls befinden sich die Repräsentationsbauten des russischen Staates vom 12. bis zum 20. Jh. Im Innern des Moskauer Kremls befinden sich Paläste, Rüstkammern, Senatsgebäude und vier Kathedralen: die Mariä-Entschlafens-Kathedrale (Uspenski Sobor), die Mariä-Verkündigungs-Kathedrale (Blagoweschtschenski Sobor), die Erzengel-Michael-Kathedrale (Archangelski Sobor) und die Mariä-Gewandlegungs-Kathedrale (Chram poloschenija risy Boschiej Materej). Die gegenwärtigen Mauern und Türme wurden zwischen 1485 und 1495 erbaut. Die Gesamtlänge der Mauern beträgt 2235 Meter, die Höhe der Mauern variiert zwischen 5 und 19 Meter, die Dicke - zwischen 3,5 und 6,5 Meter. Die Mauern des Kremls bilden in etwa ein Dreieck. Entlang der Mauern befinden sich 2
Photo ID: 48067

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Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Der Moskauer Kreml ist das historische und geografische Zentrum der russischen Hauptstadt Moskau. Die gegenwärtigen Mauern und Türme des gut erhaltenen Kremls wurden in den Jahren 1485 bis 1495 erbaut. Durch archäologische Grabungen wurde eine vorgeschichtliche Besiedlung des Burgberges von Moskau, des Borowitzki-Hügels, nachgewiesen. Über eine eventuelle Befestigungsanlage gibt es keine Nachweise, so dass die 1156 von Juri Dolgoruki, dem Großfürsten von Kiew, befohlene Befestigung als die erste angesehen wird. Es wurde ein acht Meter hoher Erdwall mit einer drei Meter hohen Palisade errichtet. Nach mehreren Belagerungen und Zerstörungen erbaute Iwan I. 1339 bis 1340 eine neue Palisade, die jedoch wiederum 1365 abbrannte. 1367 wurde daraufhin die erste steinerne Befestigung mit fünf Toren aus weißem Kalkstein errichtet. Die Tore waren als Tortürme ausgebildet. Drei Tore standen auf der Nordostseite (heute Roter Platz). Die Ringmauer folgte dem Verlauf der alten Palisadenbefestigung. Unter Iwan III. erstarkte das Großfürstentum Moskau. Iwan der III. nahm den Titel Zar (= Cäsar) an. Dem neuen Selbstverständnis als Herrscher des dritten Römischen Reiches genügte der weiße Kreml nicht mehr. In den Jahren 1485 bis 1530 wurde deshalb die Kreml-Festung in mehreren Bauetappen neu errichtet. Als die am weitesten in der Festungsbautechnik fortgeschrittenen Fachleute holte man sich zur Bauleitung italienische Architekten der Mailänder Schule nach Moskau. Als erster Turm entstand 1485 der Geheimgangsturm, 1487 der Beklemischewskaja-Eckturm. Um 1500 waren die Mauern und Türme der Nordostseite fertig gestellt. Man folgte dabei etwa dem Verlauf der alten Mauern des weißen Kremls. Die Mauerfluchten wurden jedoch jeweils zwischen den Türmen begradigt, um das Bestreichen der Mauern mit Schusswaffen zu gewährleisten. Die Türme wurden in Schussweite voneinander erbaut. 1508 bis 1516 wurde ein 30 Meter breiter und 12 Meter tiefer Festungsgraben ausgehoben. Aus dem kleinen Flüsschen Neglinnaja gespeist, wurde der Graben mit Wasser gefüllt. Die Brücken zu den Tortürmen waren als Zugbrücken ausgebildet und die Brückenenden mit Außentürmen versehen. Die heute das Bild des Kremls prägenden Turmspitzen wurden vorrangig im 17. Jh. errichtet, als die Kremlmauer ihren Zweck als Verteidigungsbau zugunsten des Repräsentationszwecks verloren hatte. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte erlitt der Kreml häufig erhebliche Zerstörungen. So 1571 durch die Krimtataren, 1610 durch die Polen und 1812 durch Napoleon I., der umfangreiche Sprengungen durchführen ließ. Es erfolgten aber immer wieder Instandsetzungen. Tiefgreifende Veränderungen wurden in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh. vorgenommen, als die Festungsgräben zugeschüttet wurden. Der Kreml erhielt damals seine heutige Gestalt. Heute verfügt der Kreml über 20 bis zu 70 Meter hohe Türme. Die Mauer ist bis zu 19 Meter hoch und bis zu 6 Meter dick. Die Gesamtlänge der Mauer beträgt 2235 Meter. Im Inneren des Kremls befinden sich die Repräsentationsbauten des russischen Staates vom 12. bis zum 20. Jh. Im Innern des Moskauer Kremls befinden sich Paläste, Rüstkammern, Senatsgebäude und vier Kathedralen: die Mariä-Entschlafens-Kathedrale (Uspenski Sobor), die Mariä-Verkündigungs-Kathedrale (Blagoweschtschenski Sobor), die Erzengel-Michael-Kathedrale (Archangelski Sobor) und die Mariä-Gewandlegungs-Kathedrale (Chram poloschenija risy Boschiej Materej). Die gegenwärtigen Mauern und Türme wurden zwischen 1485 und 1495 erbaut. Die Gesamtlänge der Mauern beträgt 2235 Meter, die Höhe der Mauern variiert zwischen 5 und 19 Meter, die Dicke - zwischen 3,5 und 6,5 Meter. Die Mauern des Kremls bilden in etwa ein Dreieck. Entlang der Mauern befinden sich 2
BERLIN 13.12.1979 Young pioneers and Thaelmann pioneers in the pioneer's palace "Ernst Thaelmann" celebrate the 3
Photo ID: 64567

Photo ID has been copied

Photo: Heinz Schönfeld
     
Young pioneers and Thaelmann pioneers in the pioneer's palace 'Ernst Thaelmann' celebrate the 3

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